DOS Commands

 DOS Commands

CHDIR

Displays the name of or changes the current directory.

CHKDSK

Checks a disk and displays a status report.

CLS

Clears the screen.

COMP

Compares two groups of files to find information that does not match.

COPY

Copies and appends files.

DATE

Displays and/or sets the system date.

DEFRAG

Optimizes disk performance by reorganizing the files on the disk.

DEL

Deletes files from disk.

DELTREE

Deletes a directory including all files and subdirectories that are in it.

DIR

Displays directory of files and directories

stored on disk.

DISKCOMP

Compares the contents of two diskettes.

ECHO

Displays messages or turns on or off the

display of commands in a batch file.

EDIT

Starts the MS-DOS editor, a text editor used

to create and edit ASCII text files.

EXIT

Exits a secondary command processor.

EXPAND

Expands a compressed file.

FASTHELP

Displays a list of DOS commands with a brief

explanation of each.

FIND

Finds and reports the location of a specific

string of text characters in one or more files.

FOR

Performs repeated execution of commands

(for both batch processing and interactive

processing).

FORMAT

Formats a disk to accept DOS files.

GRAPHICS

Provides a way to print contents of a graphics

screen display.

IF

Allows for conditional operations in batch

processing.

LABEL

Creates or changes or deletes a volume label

for a disk.

MEM

Displays amount of installed and available

memory, including extended, expanded, and

upper memory.

MKDIR

Creates a new subdirectory.

MORE

Sends output to console, one screen at a time.

MOVE

Moves one or more files to the location

you specify. Can also be used to rename

directories.q

PATH

Sets or displays directories that will be

searched for programs not in the current

directory.

RENAME

Changes the filename under which a file is

stored.

RMDIR

Removes a subdirectory.

SORT

Sorts input and sends it to the screen or to a

file.

XCOPY

Copies directories, subdirectories, and files.

What is the need to learn Computer Hardware Repairing :

 

What is the need to learn Computer Hardware Repairing :

Now a days computer has become part of our life. Almost everybody has a computer whether it is desktop/laptop or palmtop.

There are too many types of problems arises in computer such as
Dead Computer,
Keyboard Problem,
Mouse Problem,
Network Problem,
Hang,
Software Problem,
Battery Draining Too Fast,
Booting Problem,
Charging Problem,
Printer problem,
Display Problem etc.

Common Protocol (Networking)

 Common Protocol (Networking) 

• TCP(Transmission control protocol)
• UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
• IP (Internet Protocol)
• HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

Domen Name

 लोकप्रिय डोमेन नाम:

.jobs = नौकरी

.org = संगठन

.gov = सरकारी एजेंसियों

.name = निजी

.in = भारत

.edu = शैक्षिक

.com = वाणिज्यिक व्यापार

.mil = सैन्य

.net = नेटवर्क संगठन

.biz = व्यापारिक संगठनों

URL (Uniform Rescurce Locater)

यूनिफ़ॉर्म संसाधन Locater, एक वेब पृष्ठ का पता है, या

अन्य शब्दों यूआरएल में इंटरनेट पर हर फ़ाइल का पता

निर्दिष्ट करता है।

तीन भागों में URL है

(i) फ़ाइल का उपयोग करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा

करने के लिए प्रोटोकॉल = {http://}

(ii) IP पता = {www.rajasthangyan)

(iii) डोमेन नाम = {.com}

Search a file or folder using a wildcard character

To search a file or folder using a wildcard character

Step 1:

Click the Windows button

Step 2:

Type the name along with the wildcard character

Example:

Project*.doc or Project*

Project?.doc or Project? 

Step 3:

Press Enter key, a window containing the list of files and folders with names similar to your search will open. 

Step 4:

Double-click the file or folder to view the contents. 

Wildcard Character

 A wildcard character is a keyboard character such as an asterisk(*) or question mark that is used to represent one or more character when you are searching for files are folders. 

Wildcard character are often used in place of one or more characters when you do not know the entire name of the folder or the file. 

Wildcard Character Asterisk (*) used

Suppose you are looking for an MS Word file that starts with 'project' but you don't remember the  rest of the file name 

Type project*.doc or project*

Wildcard Character Question mark (?) 

The question mark is used as a substitute for a single character in a name. 

Example: If you type project?.doc

You will locate the file projectA.doc

To transfer images from a digital camera to a computer using a a USB cable

To transfer images from a digital camera to a computer using a a USB cable

Step 1:

Plug the camera into the the computer using a USB cable. 

Step 2:

Switch on the camera end put it in review mode. 

Step 3:

Once the camera has connected aap window pops up prompting you to open the camera contents with the the camera software. 

Step 4:

Righto-click the photos you want to transfer to the computer, select the folder in which you want to transfer the pictures and click ok. 

The process of transfer of photos will start. 

Step 5:

Switch off the camera and unplug it from the computer once the transfer is complete. 

To transfer a file/folder

To transfer a file/folder from one drive to another

Step 1:

Right-click the file/folder you want to move

Step 2:

Select Cut

Step 3:

Select the destination drive to where you want to move the file/folder.

Step 4:

Right-click at any place in the drive window

Step 5:

Click Paste

Types of Computer

Let's read more information about different types of computers. 

Minicomputers

• Widely used in the 1970 and 1980
• Less storage capacity than mainframe computers but more than micro computers

Mainframe computers

• Store and handle a large amount of data 
• Very large and very large
• Use in large organisations such as banks

Supercomputers

• Fastest and most powerful computers
• Huge storage capacity
• Use in weather forecasting and exploration

Micro computers

• Small in size and less expensive
• Less storage capacity then mini computers
•  Used for personal work

Mobile computing devices 

• Have the same hardware and software computers as a personal computer 
• Are easily portable 

Embedded computers

• Very small computer systems
• Designed for specific purpose
• Part of electronic machine used in daily life

Mridul kumar

 

Mridul kumar

 

Mridul Kumar

 

Computer Course

 

How to start MS Word

 How to start MS Word

Starting MS Word

Click on Start Button.

Click on All Programs.

Select Micro Soft Office and click on MS Word.

Start -> All Programs -> MS Word MS Office ->

MS Word can also be opened by shortcut key.

Press Windows key + R.

A Run Dialog box will open

Type Winword in it and press Enter.

MS Word will open.

Short cut key for Microsoft Office

Short cut key for Microsoft Office

Ctrl+W - Close the active window / document.

Ctrl+Z- Undo an action.

Ctrl+Y-Redo the last action or repeat an action.

Ctrl+S - Save a document.

Ctrl+P Print a document.

Ctrl+K - Insert a hyperlink.

Alt+Left - Arrow Go back one page.

Alt+Right - Arrow Go forward one page.

Ctrl+C - Copy selected text or graphics to the Office Clipboard.

Ctrl+V - Paste the most recent addition to the Office Clipboard.

Ctrl+Shift+A - Format all letters as capitals.

Ctrl+B - Applies or removes bold formatting.

Ctrl+1 - Applies or removes italic formatting.

Ctrl+- Apply subscript formatting (automatic

 Alt, F, A - Save As.

Alt, S, T, I - Insert Table of Contents.

Alt, S, T, R - Remove Table of Contents.

Alt, W, F - Full Screen Reading ? View > Document Views > Full Screen Reading.

Alt, W, R- Ruler. View > Show/Hide > Ruler.

Alt, F, X- Exit Word.

Ctrl + Shift + C - Copies the formatting of selected text

Ctrl + Shift + V - Pastes the formatting on selected text

Ctrl+1 Single Line Spacing

Ctrl+2 - Double Line Spacing

Ctrl+5-12 Line Spacing

Ctrl+0 12 pt- Space above paragraph

Ctrl+Shift+ > - Increase Font Size

Alt+Shift+T - Insert Time Field

Ctrl+Shift+< - Decrease Font Size

Alt+Shift+D - Insert Date Field

COMPUTER ABBREVIATION

 COMPUTER Abbreviation

ALU - Arithmetic logic unit

ACPI - Advanced Configuration and Power Interface

AC - Alternating Current

AM - Amplitude Modulated

AMD - Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

AMD - Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

AMI - American Megatrends Inc.

ANSI - American National Standards Institute

API - Application Program Interface

APIC - Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller

APM - Advanced Power Management

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit

AT - Advanced Technology

ATA-AT Bus Attachment

ATAPI-ATA Packet Interface

ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode

B BBS Bulletin Board System

BCC Block Check Character

BSC - Binary Synchronous Communications

BSD - Berkeley Standard Distribution

BTU - British Thermal Units

BCD - Binary Coded Decimal

BIOS - Basic Input/Output System

BNC - Bayonet Nut Connector

BPS - Bytes Per Second

bps-bits Per Second

C CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAD - Computer Aided Design

CAS Column Address Strobe

CPU - Central Processing Unit

CPI Clocks Per Instruction

CR- Carriage Return

CUI - Composite User Interface

CRT - Cathode Ray Tube

CRC - Cyclical Redundancy Check

CD- Carrier Detect & Compact Disc

CD-R- Compact Disc-Recordable

CD-RW-Compact Disc-ReWritable

CD-ROM - Compact disc read-only memory

CGA- Color Graphics Adapter

CHS- Cylinder Head Sector

COMPUTER - Common Oriented Machine Particularly Used for Trade Education and Research

CMOS - Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

ASPI - Advanced SCSI ProgrammingInterface

Computer Memory Unit

 Computer Memory Unit

Units of Computer Memory Measurements:

1 Bit = Binary Digit -

8 Bits = 1 Byte

1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)

1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)

1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga Byte)

1024 GB 1 TB (Terra Byte)

1024 TB = 1 PB (Peta Byte)

1024 PB = 1 EB (Exa Byte)

1024 EB 1 ZB (Zetta Byte)

1024 ZB = 1 YB (Yotta Byte)

1024 YB = 1 (Bronto Byte)

1024 Brontobyte = 1 (Geop Byte)

Geop Byte is The Highest Memory Measurement Unit

Computer Desktop Assemble

 

• पार्टस की लिस्ट

• केबिनेट
• मदरबोर्ड
• CPU
• CPU Fan
• हार्ड डिस्क
• स्क्रू
• DVD Writer
• साटा केबल्स
• रेम
• कीबोर्ड
• माउस
• स्पीकर
• मॉनिटर
• IDE Cable

Mother board Back Pannel

 

• PS/2 Keyboard Connector
• Ps/2 Mouse Connector
• USB Port
• VGA Port
• Rj-45 (Ethernet LAN Port)
• Serial Communication Port
• Parallel Port
• Audio Out Jack
• Microphone Jack
• Line in Jack

FULL FORM

 Full Form

Various terms used in computer and their full names

• CPU : Central Processing Unit
• RAM : Random Acess Memory
• ROM : Read Only Memory
• SIMM : Single in-Line Memory Module
• DIMM : Double in-Line Memory Module
• SATA : Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
• HDD : Hard Disk Drive
• FDD : Floppy Disk Drive
• DVD : Digital Video Disk
• SDRAM : Synchronous Dynamic RAM
• DDR : Double Data Rate
• SMPS : Switch Mode Power Supply
• ATX : Advanced Technology Extended
• USB : Universal Serial Bus
• LPT : Line Print Terminal
• BIOS : Basic Input Output System
• CMOS : Complementry Metal Oxide Semiconductor
• ISA : Industry Standard Architecture
• PCI : Peripheral Component Integrated
• AGP : Accelerated Graphics Port
• AMR : Audio Modem Riser
• CNR : Communication Network Riser