Switching on/off, restart, sleep mode, hibernate

Understand these computer power options clearly:

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✅ Switching On and Off

• Switching On (Start-up):

  • When you press the power button, the computer boots up.
  • It loads the operating system and gets ready for use.

• Switching Off (Shut down):

  • When you shut down, all programs and files are closed.
  • The computer turns off completely, using no power.

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🔄 Restart

• Used when you want to refresh the system or after installing updates.
• The computer shuts down and then automatically starts again.
• All open applications are closed.

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💤 Sleep Mode

• The computer enters a low-power state.
• Work is saved in RAM, so it can quickly resume.
• Good for short breaks.
• You can resume work almost instantly by pressing a key or moving the mouse.

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🟢 Hibernate

• Saves all open work and settings to the hard disk, then turns off completely.
• Uses no power at all.
• When you turn it back on, everything is restored exactly as it was.
• Useful when you won’t use the computer for a long time but want to continue later.

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💡 Quick Comparison

Feature	Sleep Mode	Hibernate	Shut Down
Power usage	Low	None	None
Resume speed	Very fast	Slower than sleep, but faster than boot	Slow (full start-up)
Saves work?	In RAM	On disk	No

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Concept of hardware and software

Concept of hardware and software 

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What is Hardware?

• Definition: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that you can touch and see.
• Examples:
  • Keyboard
  • Mouse
  • Monitor
  • CPU (Central Processing Unit)
  • Printer
  • Hard disk
  • Motherboard

Key Point: Hardware cannot work alone without software.

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What is Software?

• Definition: Software refers to the set of instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do. You cannot touch software.
• Types:
  • System Software: Helps run the computer hardware and system (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS).
  • Application Software: Helps perform specific tasks (e.g., MS Word, Excel, web browsers, games).

Key Point: Software cannot function without hardware to run on.

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Relation between Hardware and Software

• Hardware and software depend on each other.
• Without software, hardware is like a body without a brain.
• Without hardware, software cannot be used or executed.

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Simple Example

• Hardware: Like a TV set.
• Software: Like the TV programs you watch on it.

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